Poverty is a problem of the
System!
By: Juan Felipe
González-Jácome
In 1990´s, the countries that composed de United
Nations, signed a document that was called the “Millennium Development Goals”.
This document was a commitment made by the Sates in order to work “together” in
the eradication of poverty for 2015; it mean, that the countries would have
around of 15 years to overcome the misery of the planet and construct and equal
society (UN.org, 2014). However, as the statistics of the world bank shows,
this objectives are so far of been achieved, according to this entity, for
2015, there were going to exist around of 1 billion of people living in
“extreme poverty” and around 2.2 billion are going to continue living in (as
they call in a euphemistic way) “high poverty”, which means, life with more
than 1.25 US$ but less than 2 US$ per day. (WorldBank.org, 2014) This scenario,
put as in a very contradictory position which had cause an interesting
controversy in the academic research; in order to answer the question of how
can we solve the problem of the poverty? First it is imperative to give
explanations of which are the causes or the origins of the poverty as an
objective social phenomenon? In that order, some perspectives about the
problem, explain the poverty as physiological issue (subjective theory), in the
way that this social position is engender by the culture of poverty which is a
clear obstacle to succeed. In juxtaposition of that idea, there is a
perspective that explain poverty as an essential problem of our socio-economic system
(objective theory), in the way that it is necessary to produce and reproduce
its systemic bases. This essay is going to explain why the poverty is an
objective phenomenon of our society rather than a subjective problem of people.
To start it is necessary to make a synthesis of the
most important aspects of the subjective approach of the poverty. This theory
tents to extract tree elements that define why people tend to be poor, those
elements are. 1) The problem of the attitudes and behavior, 2) the social
consciousness and 3) the generic concept of the culture of poverty. According
to what these ideas argued, poor people acquire in the social media a series of
social pathologies that means realities of disorganization, lack of public
opinion and communitarian institutions. (Valentine, 1970, pág. 31) For solving those
issues, it is proposed a systematic change of the values that govern the people
that live in poverty, for that, it is advisable to spread some solutions that
have been created by the same system. 1) the culture of the entrepreneurship against
the culture of poverty; 2) change the behavior that hump the "successfulness",
and 3) in relation with the previous solution, the methods of how triumphing in life.
As it is revealed, the subjective theory implies a
rationalization of the systemic effects, “blaming the poorness of their own
poverty” (Ibid. page 26).
By contrast, the objective theory, tend to give a
different point of view to the problem of the poverty. First, this approach
explains that the poverty is a social phenomenon caused by a structural system.
“Poor countries are poor because these who have the power make choices that
create poverty. They get it wrong not by mistake or ignorance but on purpose” (Acemoglu & Robinson, 2012, pág. 68) . As cited, the
poverty is not just a mistake; it is an objective reality that has to be
explained by the objective relations that are involved in our social lives. Now,
by which conditions are social relations govern? For solving that question, is
important to take account that the poverty involves not just an economical
issue, also involves a political issue, in that order of ideas, the conclusion
of Jung Mo Sung is that our society relations are govern by the rules of the
market. Those rules are not only an economic instrument; they are in their
essence a pattern of social development, in other words, the market is the most
important relation in the capitalism system.
What Mo Sung (1993) exposed, is that one of the most
important characteristic of the poverty is the impossibility of people to
satisfy it necessities. This reality is engendered in the way that our system
only work in order to satisfy the desire of the consumers, but not the
necessities of the human beings. In fact, this ontology of our socioeconomic
system is the responsible of the social exclusion an, in direct way, the
responsible of the poverty (Mo Sung, 1993, pages. 87-88).
In the way that the objective theory of poverty
pretends to explain this phenomenon as an objective reality of our society,
also understand that the solutions have to emerge by the same objectiveness of
that reality. In the way that the poverty is not a circumstantial episode of
our system, but is a structural phenomenon of it; is imperative to assume the
importance of the politics in the solution of the macro-social issue.
“Achieving prosperity depends on solving some basic political problems.
Explaining world inequality still needs economics to understand how different
types of policies and social arrangements affect economic incentives and
behavior. But also needs politics” (Acemoglu & Robinson, 2012,
page. 69) .
We conclude in this way, that people does not cause
poverty to themselves because their beliefs and attitudes (as the subjective
approach argued). People live in poverty because the socioeconomic system is
based on unequal social relations, in which the capacity of ones implies the
misery of others; as was explained, to eradicate the poorness, it is important
to have political consciousness to think appropriate solutions for the problem,
solutions that include real social policies of redistribution, sustainable
production, and democratization of the economy on its vital cycles (production,
circulation, consume, and services). The potentiality of our society has to be
use in function of the humanity, but not as an instrument of the destructive
power of the selfishness.
References
Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. (2012). Why Nations Fail. United States of America: Crown
Business.
Galeano, E. (1999). Una mirada a la
escuela del crimen. En R. Vega, Neoliberalismo: Mito y Realidad (págs.
113-134). Bogotá D.C.: Pensamiento Crítico.
Mo Sung, J. (1993). Neoliberalismo y
Pobreza. San José de Costa Rica: Editorial DEI.
UN.org, U. N. (s.f.). We can end
Poverty. Recuperado
el 14 de Noviembre de 2014, de United Nations:
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/bkgd.shtml
Valentine, C. (1970). La Cultura de
la Pobreza. Buenos Aires: University of Chicago Press.
WorldBank.org, W. B. (08 de October
de 2014). Poverty Overview. Recuperado el 14 de November de 2014, de World Bank:
http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/overview